The Chemical Composition of Rubbing Alcohol

One of the types of alcohol that can be bought over the counter is rubbing alcohol, which is used for disinfection and may be applied to the skin to produce a cooling effect. Do you know the chemical composition of rubbing alcohol? It is a mixture of denatured alcohol, water, and agents added to make the alcohol unpalatable to drink. It may also include colorants. There are two common types of rubbing alcohol: Isopropyl alcoholEthyl alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol Most rubbing alcohol is made from isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol in water. Isopropyl rubbing alcohol is commonly found at concentrations from 68% alcohol in water up to 99% alcohol in water. The 70% rubbing alcohol is highly effective as a disinfectant. Additives make this alcohol bitter-tasting to try to prevent people from drinking it. Isopropyl alcohol is toxic, in part because the body metabolizes it into acetone. Drinking this alcohol can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, central nervous system depression, organ damage, and potentially coma or death. Ethyl Alcohol The other type of rubbing alcohol consists of 97.5% to 100% denatured ethyl alcohol or ethanol with water. Ethyl alcohol is naturally less toxic than isopropyl alcohol. It is the alcohol that naturally occurs in wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages. However, the alcohol is denatured or made undrinkable in rubbing alcohol, both to control its use as an intoxicant and because the alcohol has not been purified to make it safe to drink. In the United States, additives make it as toxic as isopropyl alcohol. Rubbing Alcohol in the UK In the United Kingdom, rubbing alcohol goes by the name surgical spirit. The formulation consists of a mixture of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Rubbing Alcohol in the US In the United States, rubbing alcohol made using ethanol must conform to Formula 23-H, which specifies it consists of 100 parts by volume of ethyl alcohol, 8 parts by volume of acetone, and 1.5 parts by volume of methyl isobutyl ketone. The remainder of the composition includes water and denaturants and may include colorants and perfume oils. Rubbing alcohol made using isopropanol is regulated to contains at least 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate and 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate per 100 ml volume. Isopropyl rubbing alcohol also contains water, stabilizer, and may contain colorants. Toxicity All rubbing alcohol manufactured in the United States is toxic to ingest or  inhale and can cause excessively dry skin if used often. If you read the product label, youll see there is a warning against most of the common uses of rubbing alcohol. All types of rubbing alcohol, regardless of their country of origin, are flammable. Formulations closer to 70% are less likely to catch fire than rubbing alcohol that contains a higher percentage of alcohol.

Essay on Financial Analysis of Verizon versus ATT

Introduction You would not buy a home, car or other large purchases without researching what product offered you the most for your money. The same is true when investing in a company. Investors do avid research on multiple companies to find what company matches the investors criteria. In this paper Team C will research both ATT and Verizons financial documents. Team C will compare selected ratios, cash flow and make recommendations how both companies can manage cash flow for the future. Financial Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis are useful tools when judging the performance of a company by weighing and evaluating the operating performance (Block-Hirt). There are 13 significant ratios that can separate by four main categories,†¦show more content†¦The company is cutting back on profits earned but not losing value for its investors with price to earnings being favorable at 19.18 (www.hoovers.com). While analyzing AT T a few differences are noted. As with Verizon, the current ratio did improve with an increase of five percent from 58% in 2005 to 63% in 2006. However, even though debt to equity decreased for both companies AT Ts decrease was only 4% compared to Verizons significant decrease of 23%. The net profit margin ratio did opposite changes between the two companies while Verizons increase not even one full percent AT Ts decreased by almost 3%. Even with these significant changes AT Ts price to earnings, as of 2006, was at 20.89 (www.hoovers.com). These variances tell us a couple of things. First, that AT T has taken on more debt in 2006 versus 2005, but along with that debt they have been able to increase their net profit margin, helping the company in the way of earnings. The strong price to earnings ratio of 20.89 also shows that the shareholders are not faring too poorly either. Both companies other ratios that are both similar and different. A further similarity between the two companies the average collection period of only 45 days, even with this similarity the vast difference in the two numbers that create these ratios are overwhelming. While Verizon had little changes in neither their accountsShow MoreRelatedVerizon vs Att1488 Words   |  6 PagesInvestors do avid research on multiple companies to find what company matches the investors criteria. In this paper Team C will research both ATT and Verizons financial documents. Team C will compare selected ratios, cash flow and make recommendations how both companies can manage cash flow for the fut ure. Financial Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis are useful tools when judging the performance of a company by weighing and evaluating the operating performance (Block-Hirt). There are 13 significantRead MoreHistory Of Verizon Communications Inc.1538 Words   |  7 Pages Verizon Stock Analysis and Recommendation Brent Argast, Haneen Hamad, MaryJo Abney Patrick Abney 92 paper; 98 presentation National University Chang G. Park, Ph.D., CPA FIN 609A May 4, 2014 The History of Verizon Communications Verizon Communications Inc., was formed by a merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp on June 30, 2000. That merger was one of the largest in U.S. business history. Prior to the merger, GTE was one of the largest telecommunications companies with revenuesRead MoreVerizon Wireless Strategic Management5615 Words   |  23 Pages Verizon Communications, Inc. Executive Summary Verizon Communications, Inc. is based in the state of New York. Verizon is currently considered the leader in delivering broadband and other wireline and wireless communication innovations to mass market, business, government and wholesale customers. The corporation was formed on June 30, 2000, with the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp and GTE Corp and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on July 3, 2000 under the VZ symbol. Verizon Wireless’Read MoreComcast Research Paper11960 Words   |  48 PagesTelevision, Style Network, The Golf Channel, VERSUS, G4, AZN Television, PBS KIDS Sprout, TV One, and Comcast SportsNets. Stephen B. Burke Chief Operating Officer, Comcast Corporation President, Comcast Cable Communications Steve Burke has been with Comcast since 1998. He has focused on the companys growth from a cable industry leader to a world-class communications company. He was an intergral part in leading the highly successful and integration of ATT Broadband with Comcast. His work at ComcastRead MoreApples Swot Analysis2597 Words   |  11 Pagesof $65,225 million during the financial year ending September 2010, an increase of 52% over 2009. The revenues derived from strong sales of iPhone, iPad and laptops. Its net income reached $14,013 million in 2010, making a huge increase of 70.2% over 2009. This exceptional growth is supported by its competitive advantages of its brand, management, technology and strategy. SWOT Analysis Strengths - Strong brand image - RD driving innovation - Robust financial performance - Loyal customerRead MoreHowa Da7541 Words   |  31 PagesSports Marketing Sponsorship G JULY 2011 G SMS12.4 paper 5 Does Sponsorship Pay Off pp352-364 KT2 20/7/11 21:23 Page 353 Does sponsorship pay off? G JULY 2011 G 9.58% the other 35 companies spent on sponsorship versus media. We conclude the study by introducing a theory to explain why the sponsoring companies outperformed market averages and enjoyed better results than their peers. The theory is that these companies had an unfair advantage, which contributedRead MoreSonic Marketing Analysis Proposal8791 Words   |  36 PagesMarketing Analysis Proposal Part One: Introduction Sonic is about to enter a mature and highly competitive PDA market. Founded eighteen months ago, the company was birthed by two entrepreneurs highly skilled and knowledgeable in telecommunications. They are preparing to present their first product, Sonic 1000 PDA. The Sonic 1000 offers wireless networking, digital technology, dual phone use, 20 gigabytes of memory, four megapixel camera, and voice recognitionRead MoreMmt2 Task1 Wgu Essay4127 Words   |  17 PagesTask 1 Name Tutor Institution Course Date Memorandum Re: Tech Upgrade Proposal To: Mr. Kern From: Me A. I performed a SWOT analysis on the current AEnergy technology infrastructure. A SWOT analysis is a technique and opportunity for a thoughtful overview of where things are good and where things need improvement. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. I’ve reviewed our system for all four of the SWOT attributes to give the followingRead More1 What Factors Contributed to the Success of Apple s iPhone7045 Words   |  29 Pagesbuy an iPhone, versus 27% for RIM [4]. Additionally, iPhone appears to be making gains among business users. Based on a August 2008 survey of technology professionals, 17% indicated intentions to buy iPhones, up from 13% in May 2008 [5]. For businesses with fewer than 500 employees, 34% reported using iPhones compared to 38% using RIM, indicating iPhone is making inroads among business users [5]. Finally, it is important to look at the market shares and intentions to switch for ATT, the wirelessRead MoreWhat factors contributed to the success of Apple‚Äà ´s iPhone?7160 Words   |  29 Pagescomprehensive success model. The success model can be used by both academics and practitioners to understand the reasons why, and ways to ensure that mobile data and commerce services become successful. Keywords - mobile business model, success factor analysis, mobile Internet, mobile data services, iPhone, SmartPhone Yufei Yuan McMaster University, DeGroote School of Business Hamilton, Ontario CANADA yuanyuf@mcmaster.ca II. EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF SUCCESS To adequately judge whether the iPhone

Unbalanced work Free Essays

The cause of the problem in my department is the unbalanced work load between two secretaries, Jack Snyder, who is providing support to two executive members, Ralph Alane Jessica Hilo, and Ruth Disselkoen who is providing support to other two executive members, Samuel Daley Frank Daley. During the long time medical leave of Jessica Hilo, 37% of the work load has been handled by a full time administrative assistant and Jack for the total 80 hours of the week, whereas 63% of the work load has been handled by a part time administrative assistant and Ruth for the total 55 hours of the week. This imbalance in work environment creates stress for Ruth who can’t perform her work perfect, at the same time, makes Jack lazy and irregular. We will write a custom essay sample on Unbalanced work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ruth can’t concentrate in her work even though she works for more hours and the executive members start complain. On the other hand, Jack has enough time to finish his work on time with quality without any stress. This may create friction in the department and so overall quality of the work will go down. In order to solve the issue and make the department efficient, I am very much convinced that an immediate action is required. I would like to discuss this issue with two secretaries. The aim would be to convince both of them that team work is more important than an individual responsibility. Since this is a new approach to handle the situation, initially, I will assign the work. The current practice of work assignment will be changed and the work will be considered as a department work rather than individual. The same will be conveyed to the executive members. This change will result in no overtime and improved work quality for sure. How to cite Unbalanced work, Essay examples

Out,Out By Robert Frost Essay Example For Students

Out,Out By Robert Frost Essay Kendal Kelly AP Lit 1st BlockMs. BinghamMarch 4, 2001Necessity vs. SelfishnessRobert Frost’s insightful yet tragic poem â€Å"Out, Out† employs realistic imagery and the personification of a buzz saw to depict how people must continue onward with their lives after the death of a loved one, while also hinting at the selfish nature of the human race, whom oftentimes show concern only for themselves. The poem narrates the story of a boy who dies as a result of accidentally cutting off his hand with a buzz saw in his own yard. Frost employs imagery to reveal the setting, the boy’s â€Å"yard† in â€Å"Vermont† right before â€Å"sunset†, using vivid detail to describe the â€Å"five mountain ranges† within eyesight of the yard. The narrator foreshadows the tragic event to come when he â€Å"wishes† that the workers would have â€Å"called it a day† and â€Å"given† the boy â€Å"the half hour that (he) counts so much when saved from work†, the adult responsibility of cutting wood with a buzz saw. While â€Å"nothing was happening†, the boy’s sister comes out to tell he and the other workers that â€Å"supper† is ready. The boy, in his excitement at the signal to end the day’s work, accidentally cuts himself with the treacherous buzz saw. Frost reveals a sense of the boy’s pain by employing the oxymoron â€Å"rueful laugh†, displaying both the boy’s extreme surprise and deep sorrow at the near-amputation of his hand. Frost continues to depict the shocking scene by describing the boy’s reaction as he â€Å"holds up the hand, half in appeal†¦half as if to keep the life from spilling† from his body. The adult responsibilities the boy has been faced with, combined with the horrific mangling of his own hand, lead to the boy’s own terrible revelation that â€Å"all† will soon â€Å"spoil†, which foreshadows y et the next tragedy, the death of the boy. Frost utilizes dialogue to convey the boy’s pleading voice as he begs his sister to not let the doctor â€Å"cut his hand off†. The syntax Frost chose was specifically selected to reflect the boy’s life as it begins to diminish. Compared with the first few lines of the poem, the concluding ones consist of short, choppy sentences as death closes in on the boy. The doctor arrives and gives the boy â€Å"ether†, an anesthetic, after which Frost describes the boy’s breathing as shallow and weakening while he â€Å"lay and puffed his lips out with his breath†. Frost paints such real images with his words that the reader can almost see as â€Å"the watcher at (the boy’s) pulse†¦listens to his heart† as the beating fades from â€Å"little† to â€Å"less† to â€Å"nothing†, which â€Å"ends† the boy’s life. The theme does not become clear to the reader u ntil the last sentence, depicting how the family and friends â€Å"are not the one dead†, so they â€Å"turn to their affairs†, and proceed on with their lives. Frost conveys the necessity of how people must go on, even after a tragedy such as the death of a loved one, because life continues, and so must they. Even though going on with life is a necessity, the speed in which the family and friends proceed to do so causes the reader to wonder what their motives arenecessity or selfishness. Frost personifies the buzz saw so that it seems to come alive with a will of its own. The phrase â€Å"snarled and rattled† repeats three times throughout the poem to depict an image of the buzz saw whirring back and forth. At times â€Å"it runs light, or has to bear a load†, which conveys the saw as a living being that must carry something. Frost gives the buzz saw an ominous air, a will of its own, when it â€Å"leaps out at the boy’s hand† â€Å"as if to prove saws know what supper means†. In this way, Frost shies away from the fact that the boy brings death upon himself by getting momentarily distracted from cutting the wood, accenting blame on an inanimate object. Along with faulting the buzz saw, the reader can also cast blame on the parents for making the boy, â€Å"a child at heart†, take on adult responsibility to â€Å"do a man’s work†, which results in

Artificial Restraints In Lord Of The Flies Essays -

Artificial Restraints in Lord of the Flies Artificial Restraints in Lord of the Flies "GOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE WHOLE THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE POWER OF HIS MESSAGE." I think that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the story still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could have been experienced in real life. I think that without this bad luck, the point of the story wouldn't be as great, because without the restraint's Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys. The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between Jack and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the end of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralph's problems, life would have been easy, and the 'darkness of man's heart' would not have been conveyed to the reader. Jack shows 'the darkness' and if he and Ralph had just been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up after Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys cannot see that it wasn't a beast. The author uses the boy's fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine. The whole message of the story is about the 'darkness of man's heart', which exists in everyone. To emphasise this side of human nature, the author had to make a situation where it was possible to display these characteristics. It would have been impossible for Golding to get his point across without these constraints, and even if it is thought that the story comes out too neatly, I think that the story was written to make a point, and Golding has achieved that.

Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket Essays

Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket Essays Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket Essay Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket Essay Upon fir SST seeing Juliet, e asks to a Serviceman, What ladys that, which doth enrich / the hand / Of yonder knight? (II, v, 3840). Romeo immediately spots Juliet across the dance floor and is mess merited by her beauty. Juliet is young and naive, so when Juliet meets the very attractive Romeo, she too, falls in love with him at first sight. After having not met each other for not even a full day, they essentially decide to get married, despite knowing the identities of each other and the feuds that occur between their two families. In , love is an overpowering force that prevails over all other values, loyalties, and emotions. Romeo and Juliet are starched lovers and this is a f act that can never be changed fate controls them forever. When Juliet hears about Rome gos banishment from Verona, she does not even care that this was because he killed her ova,JNI cousin Table she is just glad that Romeo is still alive. Upon hearing of her arranged marriage e with Paris by her parents, shed rather commit suicide than be with him because she is lealer day married to her love, Romeo. She does not even take into consideration her parents wish sees for her wellbeing that they have her marry Paris, all because of her unbreakable love with Romeo. When Romeo hears news of Gullets death, he acts in haste because his beloved d Juliet is no longer with him in this world. He says, Well, Juliet, will lie with thee tonight. / Lets see for means (V,I, 3435). Instantly, he decides to commit suicide at Gullets side. Blind deed by his love for her, he disregards everything and wishes to die so that he can join Julia et in her grave to die together and never be separated from her. ) Friar Laurence plays the part of a wise adviser to Romeo and Juliet , along with aiding in major plot developments. Alone, he foreshadows the later, tragic events of the play with his liquor about plants and their similarities to humans. When Romeo requests the Friar marry him to , he is shocked, because only days before, Romeo had been infatuated with Rosalie a woman who did not return his love. Nev ertheless, Friar Laurence decides to marry Romeo and Juliet in the attempt to stop the civil fee du between the Capsules and the Montague . When Romeo is banished for killing Table and flees to Mantra , Friar Laurence tries to help the Non lovers get back. Prince says, We have still known thee for a holy man. 3) Romeos decision to approach Juliet on her balcony is fraught with consensus hat Juliet makes very clear, basically telling him that he will face death if her f amply spots him there. It is also true, however, that Juliet pushes Romeo to declare h is intent to marry her. I suppose she does this knowing that her parents want her to m et Paris, but it is a hasty decision, and one which leads to their deaths. If he had not been banished, the whole Juliet faking her death would have goon e down much differently, because Romeo could have been close at hand and known t he details. For me, the most impact choice is Gullets decision not to share her plan wit h the Nurse. Had she done so, the Nurse, as she has done so often, would have pro detected Juliet. Even though she told Juliet to forget about Romeo and marry Paris (eve n after Juliet was married), her motivation was to see Juliet happy. With Juliet since SSH e was born, she adored her and, like her mother, was brokenhearted to see Juliet so unhappy. The Nurse was even resentful of Romeos hand in Tables death, buy t for Juliet, she would eventually have gotten over it. However, because Juliet does not take the Nurse into her confidence, there is no one at her side when Romeo shows up. It seems safe to assume that the Nurse would have been there waiting, though certainly Friar Lawrence should have been. Having backup plan in place would have saved Gullets life, and she and Romeo could have run away together until their parents got over losing them both. The marriage of Romeo and Juliet which occurs only a blink of an eye after t hey meet is the most devastating action they take. For, after this act of union, Romeo a ND Juliet have committed themselves to one path and cannot change or return to not her. Were they not married, Romeo would not have tried to calm Table, and Mercuric may not have died. Were they not married, Juliet would not have been faced with the d lemma of what to do about marrying Paris. If Romeo and Juliet were more gradual about expressing their love, perhaps t hey could have eased their parents into the idea of their loving someone who has long b en declared an enemy. Perhaps the choice with the most impact was the decision to keep this relation unships and marriage a secret. Romeo and Juliet basically eloped. Their parents and the p urine were unaware of their decision. Perhaps the marriage might have been prove need if the families were aware. Perhaps the feuding would have stopped or at least Oslo deed. Certainly Romeo and Juliet wouldnt have ended up in the same situation if the eye had been honest about their relationship Romeos initial choice to court Juliet despite the feed between their families s memos like the most significant choice of the play. Essentially all of the action (and turmoil I and tragedy) of the play stems from this decision. Hint the choice Of Romeo to have gone to the party, and after leaving the pa arty he decided to talk to Juliet is the crucial turning point. If he had been turned away y from seeking her attention at some point, the rest of the story would never have ha penned. L also believe the fact that Romeo could not tell his parents about his love, and when he killed gullets cousin that was a great turning point as you can never go back oaf terror have done that. 4) Most of the events that happen in Romeo and Juliet lead up to the final con occlusion of the couple dying. Many, if not all, Of the characters also play an ultimate role in the Eire tragic deaths. The characters that cause the most dramatic effect upon Romeo and Gullets d death are Friar Laurence, Table, and Gullets father, Lord Caplet. Friar Laurence marries Room e and Juliet, which causes most of the problems, since they always want to be together, eve en though it is very difficult for them to accomplish this. Table is the reason Romeo is to be banished, and Gullets parents are the cause for Juliet to become enraged and make rash decide sons. Friar Laurence plays a very large role in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet since he baa socially is the go between man in this play. First off, he marries the two actresses lover The rest of the events in the story tumble down from here since nothing see ms to ever go right for both Romeo and Juliet. The Friar gives Juliet a potion, which is intend deed not to kill re, but allow to her to run away and have a better life with Romeo. It does en d up causing them both to die, since there is much confusion and immix. The letter the Fri. r sent did not get to Romeo in time, causing him to become extremely upset and to kill him elf. Secondly, Table, his hatred towards the Montague family, and the actions he takes end s in Romeo being banished. When Table strikes Mercuric down with his sword, Mercuric says, Why the devil came you between us? I was hurt under your arm(act Ill, SC I, 9798), Or memo feels guilty and decides to avenge his friend by killing Table. As a result, he become s banished, which in turn, devastates Juliet, causing her to feel hopeless and suicidal. With Romeo gone from their town of Verona, news cannot reach him easily therefore communion action becomes difficult. This road block causes him to get the news of Juliet being dead, eve n though she is not. This causes both of them to make bad choices that end in their deaths. L ghastly, Lord Caplet, Gullets father, causes Juliet to become so flustered and sad, that she decides to take drastic actions and fake her own death. Gullets usual obeying behavior is cruse heed when she finds out of her fathers plans for her to marry Paris. She becomes upset, and decides to just lie about being excited and happy, in order to trick her parents. With a rash d session, she fakes her death. This causes Romeo to become misled and inevitably kill him elf. When Juliet awakens from her deathlike slumber, she sees Romeo dead and in devastates n, kills herself as well. Almost every decision leads up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, and there a few characters that also play a very large part in their deaths. These character s are Friar Laurence, Table, and Lord Caplet, and they assist fate in succeeding in not al lowing Romeo and Juliet to be together. Of course, in real life, communication is much easier to come by with the use of phones, computers, and faster methods of transportation. Love e a very difficult thing, especially when there are outside forces not wanting you, and y our lover, to be together like in Romeo and Gullets situation. In the final scene, the Prince speaks rightly when he blames Lords Caplet an d Montague for not only Romeos and Gullets deaths, but also for the deaths of the Princes o won relatives. The Prince blames their hatred and their feud for all of these deaths. We see t his accusation in the princes lines: Where be these enemies? Caplet, Montage, See what a scourge is laid upon your hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love! And l, for winking tatty, discords too, Have lost a brace of kinsmen. All are punished. (Act 5, Scene 3) However, others are also indirectly responsible for Romeos and Gullets death s. While Friar Laurence broke no law nor holy sanction in marrying Romeo and Juliet without t parental consent, even though his motive seems noble, one has to question the sensei lenses of his decision. Friar Laurence agrees to marry them because he believed the Lillian CE may so happy prove, / To turn your households rancorous to pure love. In other words, he believed that uniting Romeo and Juliet in wedlock would put an end to the feud. The flag win his plan is that the marriage was performed in secret with no immediate plan unveil the marriage. Had he been wiser, he would have foreseen that the ongoing feud would prevent any real relationship between Romeo and Juliet, sabotaging his efforts to create peace. Instead, he should have postponed the marriage until he, himself, could prepare Lords Caplet and M Montague for the union. Friar Laurence continued to make things even worse by lying to Lord C applet in eloping Juliet fake her death. For all of these reasons Friar Laurence is indirect lay responsible for their deaths. However, he is rightly pardoned by the Prince, because ultimo tell, their deaths are the fault of Lords Caplet and Montague. Table is also indirectly responsible. Had he not had such a hotheaded temper and instead agreed with his uncle to let Romeo alone for crashing the ball, Table, as well a s Rome and Juliet, would have remained alive. Tables death led to Romeos banishment, which led to both his and Gullets deaths. Finally the Prince also holds himself indirectly responsible because he did not heck Lords Caplet and Montague sooner, nor try to stop the feud sooner. His personal b lame is seen in the line, and l, for winking at you, discords too, / Have lost a brace of kinsmen. 6) Metaphors . What, ho! You men, you beasts,That quench the fire of your pernicious rage (Act 1 Scene 1) The Prince compares the Capsules and Montague to beasts, because they have just had a fray. He then compares their rage to a fire. 2. Peered forth the golden window of the east, (Act 1 Scene 1) Benevolent is telling the Montague where Romeo is, and compares the east to a golden Indo when talking about the sun. 3. My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss (Act 1 scene 5) Romeo compares his lips to pilgrims when talking to Juliet. Similes . Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. (Act 1 Scene 4) Romeo is talking to Mercuric before the Capsules party, and compares love to a thorn. 2. Begot of nothing but vain fantasy, Which is as thin of substance as the air (Act 1 Sc ene 4) Mercuric is talking about dreams, and compares vain fantasy to the air. O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It Seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Tiptoes ear (Act 1 Scene 5) When Romeo describes Juliet, he compares her to a rich jewel in an Tiptoes ear. Dramatic Irony understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters. Situational irony actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. Verbal Irony person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite Of the literal meaning.

What does Jackson's Knowledge Argument show Essay

What does Jackson's Knowledge Argument show - Essay Example It endeavors to dispute the theory that all knowledge is physical knowledge Mary that Jackson uses in his experiment is a renowned scientist who has a fully-fledged awareness of color but has never had the opportunity to experience color. The question of utmost interest here is whether upon realizing color she will be able to learn something new. In this experiment, the major assumption is the fact that she has prior physical knowledge of color before her release from the black and white room. When she was released from the black and white room she obtained new knowledge. Based on this premise, it was justifiable to conclude that knowledge in its entirety is not physical (Nida-Rà ¼melin, 13). The fact that Mary acquired new knowledge upon her alteration of the environment is proof enough that â€Å"qualia† is valid and exists. Qualia refer to the subjective, qualitative characteristics of experiences that are deemed to be free from the influence of behavior and disposition (Jackson, 7). Jackson asserts that the quale are real and that there is glaring distinction between an individual who has access to a particular quale and one who is not privy to the same. The knowledge argument propagates that if indeed Mary evidently learned something new when she experienced color, then the theory of physicalism is a fallacy. According to the knowledge argument, one is only capable of the experience of color if she gets to have a visual contact with it. The premise here is that despite the fact that Mary was proficient in the science of color perception, she learned something new through experiencing it. In his seminal article, Jackson differs with other proponents of knowledge theory by analyzing the case of a person, Fred, who is capable of seeing color which is unknown to normal human perceivers (Jackson, 17). The knowledge argument is based on the premise that a person, who has a complete physical knowledge on

Italian Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Italian Renaissance - Essay Example The refined and educated thinkers of the Renaissance spoke and read Greek and Latin which helped the transformation of several fields of learning including those which were the dominions of the church and the impact was visible even in the aspects of Christian learning such as theology and spirituality. The Renaissance which nourished itself on antiquity, the rediscovery of Greek and Roman ways, resulted in new ways of thinking in theology and spirituality, and restructured the essence of Christian learning. "The Renaissance was a revival of learning and art. The Europeans were always aware of antiquity since they lived with it, but they now saw everything in a different light. They ceased to see the world through ecclesiastical glasses... Great interest in Greek and Roman art, language, and philosophy developed... Thus, the Renaissance had its intellectual impact. It would, in effect, replace the church's dominance in the area of thought... To this extent, the Renaissance was anti-c lerical but not anti- religious." (Bausch, Cannon, and Obach 1989, P. 225). Significantly, Renaissance was most influential in theology and spirituality of Christianity which were no longer exclusively served by art and science which began to be studied for their own sakes. Theology and spirituality are the two essential domains of Christian learning which were most influenced by the Renaissance thought and thinkers. It is of great importance to analyse the influence of Italian Renaissance on the theology and spirituality as it can help one comprehend the role played by the Renaissance in bringing out drastic change in these areas of Christian thinking. Therefore, this paper undertakes a profound analysis of the Italian Renaissance in relation to the role it played in the transformation of two of the most important spheres of Christianity, i.e. theology and spirituality. In other words, it looks into the Italian Renaissance from a historical point of view and a theological point of view, comparing the theology and spirituality of the period before Renaissance with that of the period after Renaissance. In such a comparative analysis of the theology and spirituality in relation to Renaissance, it becomes lucid that this great event of revival in learning and art was central to ultimate transformation in these areas, which was corresponding to the spirit of humanism. Notwithstanding the attempts to limit the great role of Renaissance in making vital revival in theology and spirituality, it becomes obvious that the Renaissance played a seminal role in transforming these spheres of Christian knowledge. The Influence of Italian Renaissance on the Theology and Spirituality From the historical point of view, the Renaissance is one of the essential factors which caused the revival of Christian ideology and it resulted in the Reformation. There were several central elements in the early phase of the Renaissance which could very well pave the way for a complete change or reformation in the Christian thought and ideology. In an analysis of the situation before and after the Renaissance,

Observation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Observation - Research Paper Example The attendant worked as a front desk agent at the hotel where she had the mandate of conducting various duties like checking the rooms’ occupancy during their late shift. Indeed, the attendant checked in guests, took their reservations, and checked them out. She welcomed the guests in a very courteous and accommodating manner by introducing herself first and answering all the questions asked by the guests about the hotel services. The hotel recorded only four bookings in a span of two hours starting 11 PM up to 1:00 AM. The attendant seemed very informed about the hotels facilities, amenities, layout and the surrounding environment as well as their loyal customers. We noted that the attendant had a set of questions, which she asked every guest. The questions included the size of the room preferred by the guest, the duration that the guest intends to stay at the hotel and the type of the bed preferred. The information was then recorded into the system and a receipt of payment was issued to the guests. Finally, the reception attendant thanked the guests and encouraged them to feel free to ask for any form of assistance. The front desk is spacious enough and hence there is no congestion when the guests are checking in. The attendant served the guests on a first come first served basis. The attendant was in a uniform and hence the guests could differentiate them from the other people. She welcomed and acknowledged all guests with the Fairfield Inn culture of efficient guest service. She engaged each guest and listened to his or her requests attentively. We observed that the attendant were very courteous, accommodating and fast. The attendant escorted the guests and introduced small talks, which included some questions like how were his trip, whether he has been to California again, and the most beautiful things about California. On arriving at the suite, the attendant opened the door, took in the luggage,

Strategies for Workforce Shortage in Australian Healthcare

Strategies for Workforce Shortage in Australian Healthcare Introduction The Australian healthcare system has over the years been ranked as one of the best on the global perspective (Naccarella, 2014). This has been based on the extent to which quality care is given and the investment of the state of the art technology to facilitate these processes. However, there are various major concerns that continue to ail the health care sector in Australia (Scott, 2009). The shortage of healthcare providers within the country has remained a key issue that continue to impact on any attempts to make positive strides. While the respective states in Australia such as Queensland have adopted measures in the move to resolve this concern, it remains a thorny issue (Lim Seale, 2014). Therefore, there is a need for the adoption of a management model that is implemented on the national scale so as to resolve this issue. The importance of the shortage management model is emphasised by the vital role that the sector plays towards the economic development (Moran, Burson Conrad, 2014). A sector that has served as an icon for different countries across the globe faces the threat of undergoing through massive decline as the shortage of qualified workforce continue to linger. This is especially based on the fact that this shortage is in line with the future demand for healthcare service (Parrella, 2013). The gap between the demand for healthcare services by the Australian population and the supply of the care givers continue to widen (Lines, 2015). Previously, historical models of finding a long term solution towards the issue have not been effective. This creates the need for the development of an effective management initiative that would play a key role towards resolving the issue and casting a ray of hope towards this essential sector in the Australian context. This report aims at presenting a management initiative that could be implemented within the Australian healthcare sector so as to address the issue of workforce shortages. The initiative is known as the NEW DAWN management model. The rationality of the name of the model is the new insights that it seeks to bring into the Australian healthcare sector in the long term .The model is to be implemented on a national perspective so as to ensure that it is able to address the key concerns on a holistic approach. The main elements that are included in the report include; identification and substantiation of need and aim of the initiative, the relation to best practice and a business plan that would facilitate the implementation of the model. Essentially, the focus of the management initiative is to develop a framework of reducing the workforce shortage with the Australian context in the long term. In the context of this study, the workforce population in the Australian healthcare sectors is taken to incorporate all forms of staff who work towards delivering care. This includes nurses and other healthcare practitioner. Within the Australian context, nurses represent the largest share of the workforce within the sector. They constitute more than 50% of the healthcare sector workforce within the country. Therefore, the insights developed within the management initiative outline are meant to provide a solution in relation to the entire workforce within the country. Identification and substantiation of need and aim of change/innovation Evidence of the need for the change/innovation According to data collected in the Australian healthcare sector in 2002, there is a massive gap in terms of the labour force. Evidence suggests that the country had a shortfall of 10-12,000 nurses (Segal Bolton, 2009). This is a representation of close to 5% of the entire healthcare workforce in the country. Worse still, the report presented by the Productivity Commission illustrated that the trend continues to soar over the years. This is a worrying factor this it is an illustration of the extent to which the workforce shortage within the healthcare sector in Australia may have far reaching implication towards the quality of care given in the long term. Different attributes have been linked towards the problem of workforce shortage within the Australian context. While seeking to devise an appropriate management initiative to address this concern, focusing on the key contributing factors is vital. One of the key reasons that have been cited to be contributing towards the increase in the workforce gap in Australia is the ageing population. Over time, the Australian workforce and population has been ageing at high rates. At the same time, the mortality rates have remained low compared to other countries across the globe. According to data presented by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) the number of nurse working in the country who are aged 55 years and above has increased massively over the years. The report indicates that in a period of ten years, the numbers increased from 7% in 1995 to 19% in year 2005 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014). This is an illustration of the extent to which the elderly a ge continues to dominate the nursing and general healthcare workforce within the Australian context. Ultimately, the increase in the number of healthcare workforce aged 55 years and above within the country has contributed towards shortage of adequate staff to tend to the future demand. Another factor that has contributed towards the shortage of the healthcare workforce in Australia is the low uptake of related course within the colleges and other higher learning institutions. The healthcare course still remains largely unfavourable among the students at the college level in the country. This may be facilitated by the lack of mentorship or the perception that the field is not as well compensation as others. Studies suggest that the increase in the number of students who take up healthcare related course within the context of Australian sector has only been at 3%. Therefore, this is an indication of the need to adopt corrective measures to address this concern. Still on this note, the number of people who take up professional healthcare jobs in Australia compared to other countries is low. According to statistics, only 2.7 persons out of 1000 take up professional practice in the healthcare sector in the country (Segal Bolton, 2009). Furthermore evident suggests that Australia attempts to close this gap by relying on the overseas labour market by this has not worked effectively. Evidence that the change/innovation planned meets this need. The NEW DAWN management initiative is aimed at addressing the gaps that exist within the Australian healthcare sector by countering the specific challenges that have been faced. It will be aimed at increasing the number of students who take up the healthcare practices as a profession, and improve the ability of the country to manage the future needs of the sector. Since the model will be implemented in all the states across Australia, it will be effective towards addressing the key concerns that have been ailing the sector in terms of staff shortage. Change strategy in relation to best practice While implementing the new dawn management initiative, the focus is to ensure that the change elements are well implemented. For effective undertaking of this process Kotter’s 8 areas for successful change are used in illustrating the approach to be taken. By following the concepts that have been presented by Kotter it is expected that the new dawn change model will become a reality within the Australian healthcare sector. In this perspective, the model will be implemented in the following steps. Towards the New Dawn: Kotters 8 areas for successful change Area 1: A sense of Urgency This involves the process of creating a sense of interest and urgent needs to take action (Kotter Rathgeber, 2006). In this perspective, a message will be passed through social media including Facebook and twitter in the form of a campaign to get more youth involved in the healthcare sector in Australia. This will be effective since most of the young people who are the target audience for the new dawn change management initiative users to such forums. Area2: Building a Guiding Coalition This involves the process of getting likeminded parties to be part of support towards the change initiative that has been proposed. In this perspective, the play a vital role towards providing the required assistance in terms of information sharing and forging more support (Bateman, 2012). In the case of the new dawn initiative seeking to deliver more enrolment of young students in healthcare professions, the news media team will be used. More precisely, Sky News Australia will be targeted as the key support party. The link will be derived through the social media interaction. This group is selected as the first approach area since it reaches out to people across Australia using different information outlets. Also, students from different universities in Australia will be encouraged to be ambassadors of the social media campaign towards reducing the gap in the staff shortage in the Australian healthcare sector. Area3: Strategic vision and initiative The vision and initiative provides the drive towards achieving the targets set (Kotter Cohen, 2012). It also gives a sense of direction towards the approach set. In the context of the new dawn initiative, the vision is to reduce the workforce shortage to 0% in 5 years. This is to be achieved through achieving a 35% increase in the enrolment for healthcare related courses within the Australian colleges and learning institutions within the period. Area4: Enlisting a volunteer army This involves finding as many people as possible who are willing to support the change process (Rasmussen, Mylonas, Beck, 2012). In the case of the new dawn management program within the Australian healthcare sector, the volunteer army will be obtained from the social media. On twitter, the hash tag #iamAustraliasnewdawn will be formed to obtain support. By getting this conversation top go viral; more and more young people will gain an interest in enrolling for healthcare related courses. Similarly on Facebook, a group will be formed so as to advocate for the need to drive efforts towards achieving a new dawn in the Australian healthcare. Area5: Enable Action by removing barriers This involves eliminating any form of hurdles that may be experienced by potential supporters in giving their support (Pollack Pollack, 2015). To achieve this, the initiative will encourage people from different ages, gender and cultures, professions, to join in giving their voice through the social media and any other method that they may prefer. The overall intention is to ensure that the message of achieving a new generation of young people within the healthcare sector in Australia is achieved in the long term. Area6: Generating short term wins This involves the process of recognizing the small strides that have been made towards the change process (Naranjo-Gil, 2015). In the case of the new dawn initiative in the Australian healthcare sector, the change initiative will be evaluated weekly based on the number of followers it has achieved on the social media and the actual people who have enrolled as a result of the initiative. The weekly tracking will eventually escalate to monthly and annually. However, recognizing the small strides will play a key role in motivating the parties involved and making them feel part of the change program. Area7: Sustaining acceleration The process of getting more people involved in the process of creating awareness on the need to have more young employees within the Australian healthcare will be achieved by changing approaches. For instance, in the first phase of evolution, the target of the initiative will be on the individual major universities in Australia. This focus will help in generating a more personalised approach of the initiative by the students and the faculty within the university. They will be in a position to take the process more seriously and embrace initiative to implement the suggested approaches. Area8: Instituting change This involves the process of ensuring that the concepts that have been suggested are implemented within the framework that that it has been intended (Bateman, 2012). In the case of the new dawn, strategies will be put in place to ensure that different states of Australia make the changes of increasing the number of university students who enrol in the healthcare related courses. This will be achieved through making a follow up with the political representatives of the different states to ensure that they recognise the approaches that they need to adopt so as to ensure that the new dawn change management program become successful. Business plan Tasks July-Sept 2015 August-October 2015 November-December 2015 Jan-March 2016 April-June 2016 Initiation of the change campaign Passing information to universities Passing information to hospitals Political elites Change achievement Based on the Gantt chart provided, it is estimated that the change will have been achieved fully by the end of June 2016. By this period, the targeted increase in the number of young students who enrol in healthcare sector courses in different states in Australia is expected to have increased. Most of the responsibility of undertaking these tasks will be for the change management team that has been selected to undertake the project (Hornstein, 2015). Undertaking these tasks as a team will help in ensuring that the level of control towards the operations involved is maintained over time. Before the actual adoption of the change management plan, detailed research in relation to the extent of the issue in the Australian market will be conducted. This will be aimed at so as gain deep insights. This will help in responding to any issues that are raised by the parties participating in the process of achieving the change within the healthcare sector in Australia. Control mechanisms There are various issues that may have to be considered while implementing the new dawn initiative in the Australian healthcare. These are the control concepts that will give an indication of the difficulty in achieving the set change plane. One of the key elements is the cost. The cost of implementing the project may become too high to the extent that the entire process ceases to be feasible. Since it is intended to cover the national scope covering all states in Australia, this may happen. To some extent, the project may be abandoned if the costs become too high. At the same time, if the project takes too long to achieve the desired outcomes based on the set timeline, it may lead to eventual termination. Therefore, the timelines that have been set will be adhered to with the provision of only few weeks if the project is to be implemented. Transitional arrangements The transitional arrangement that may be facilitated within the specific hospitals in Australia may involve the effective hand over of position. The management of the hospitals within the country will be informed effectively on the need to ensure that the young graduates from different universities within the country are welcomed peacefully. This also involves facilitating the process of induction so as to ensure that they are able to deliver towards the success of the Australian health sector in the long term. Resources Costs The resources required for the implementation of the project will be minimal. The considerations include the travel costs, stationery and internet charges that will be used. Such costs will be significant as to warrant the justification of the progress that has been made towards the implementation of the project. Risks The risk management policy adopted will be in line with the specific development at each stage of the process. This will ensure that appropriate measures of hedging against risks are adopted and implemented at each stage of the process. In the long term, it will be effective in terms of allowing the process to run smoothly without any form of external disruptions. Evaluation of the change/initiative The evaluation of the success of the initiative will be measured quarterly. This is based on the specific objectives that have been set for the specific quarter of the year. At this point, the points of success or failure will easily be identified since the process will have been broken down into different stages. The focus of phases as opposed to the process as a whole will be effective in terms of controlling the factors impacting on the process. Dissemination of plan to others The information relating to the completion of the project will be done through the social media, news article among others. The intention will be to provide the details of the success story in relation to the project to as many people as possible especially the policy makers in the Australian health sector over the strides that have been made through the process.

good vs evil :: essays research papers

Beowulf Good VS. Evil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times we see a battle of good vs. evil in movies, books, society, and in this case, an epic poem. This motif is used so often because it pertains to so many facets of authentic life. The epic poem Beowulf is an example of this because the hero of the story has an ongoing conflict with the evil villain, Grendel. In Beowulf, the conflict between good and evil is the poem’s main and most important aspect. The poet makes it clear that good and evil do not exist as only opposites, but that both qualities are present in everyone. Beowulf represents the ability to do good, or to perform acts selflessly and in help of others. Goodness is also showed throughout this epic as having the ability to cleanse evil. Even though evil is presented by Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon, who are filled with a desire to act against people and ultimately destroy them. Even pride, a human quality, is presented in Beowulf as a sign that evil exists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf is the character in the story that played the super hero. He was the man who went to innocent peoples rescue. When they needed someone to help them he was the man who would respond to their cries for help. For example, Beowulf went to the aid of the people of another country to fight a monster and protect them from another ambush of attacks from the monster. He risked his own life, to face this monster that would destroy any human in a matter of seconds. Beowulf isn’t just any normal human, he has the strength of 30 men in each hand. He is â€Å"the Prince of goodness†(46). He has been sent down from heaven to protect the earth from evil such as Grendel. As you can see clearly by the fact that he is called â€Å"The Prince of goodness† he is the â€Å"good guy† in the story (46). He has been chosen to protect the world from evil. When this story was made, the author intended for it to be clear that Beowulf is supposed to be the hero of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf takes it upon himself to announce several great deeds that he will perform to help countries in need. One of these deeds is his offer to King Hrothgar, in which he proposes to slay Grendel. Beowulf states, â€Å"single handed I’ll settle the strife (37).

How Internet Has Changed People Essay

The Internet has changed a lot over the year and a lot of people really don’t talk to each other anymore instead they talk either on Facebook or another Internet site. With all the things that you can do most families really don’t spend any time with each other anymore because everyone is doing something on the Internet. Now a day’s people can log on the Internet where ever they are. Because the internet decreases face to face interaction, makes it easier to retreat into a cyber-world, and vastly polarizes opinions and minimizes basic etiquette, the internet has done much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. About 86 percent of the world population uses the internet on a daily bases. Over the years Internet has decreased face to face interaction quite a bit. Now days if someone want to talk to someone they will just video chat with them over the Internet on apple devices, cell phones, computers, and Xbox. Also when someone wants write someone else they don’t get out paper and pen they go on the Internet and email them. Now days it is much easier to retreat into a cyber-world, than it is to retreat in this to in the real world. Social websites like Facebook and twitter have made people a whole lot less social than they were years ago. The average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content every month! Internet has done so much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. Instead of families spend quality time with each other they are all in different rooms on the Internet doing different things. I have noticed over the years that a lot of people have become more depend on the internet that they don’t know what they would do without it. A lot of things for schools are now on the internet like for my math class everything is online and very little on paper. Now days most parents don’t see their kids because they are usually in their room on the internet doing different things like either video chatting, play a game online, or online chat rooms. According to Pewresearch.org â€Å"A new Pew Internet Project report reveals that 93% of teen’s ages 12†17 go online, as do 93% of young adult’s ages 18†29.† Today every teenage has their own TV, computer, and other electronic devices just in their room. A lot of people think that they need their cell phones or their computers and they don’t know what to do when it dies when the power is out. They think that it is the end of the world when either their phone dies or their computer dies when they power is out. Peoples are lost without the internet. Devices that have internet access are addicting and people sometimes don’t know when to stop. The internet has come a long way since it started and now everything is online from banking to emailing and lots of other things. A lot of education is on the internet more and more each year, for example if you need help and don’t know how to do a math problem and you don’t want to leave your house you can just search the internet for an online tutor. 107 trillion emails sent in 2010 and many more since then. People are now dating other people over the internet, instead of meeting each other the old fashion way. With online chat rooms you can talk to someone that is in a whole different country and not even know that. Individuals are becoming less independent on families than they were before. According to SocialMediaToday.com writer Tim Patterson, Facebook has 518 million users. I think that the internet is making people a whole lot less social than they were before the internet started. My family can be so caught up in what we are doing on the internet that forgets that one another are even home. I think that people should spend less time on the internet and more time with their families. According to InternetWorldStats.com in 2010 the United States Internet Users the top 5 states are California (29.8 million users), Texas (17.2 million users), New York (16.1 million users), Florida (14.8 million users), and Illinois (10.2 million users).

Hiroshima1 essays

Hiroshima1 essays On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, "little boy" on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70-80,000 people killed. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on an already overcome Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any resources from the Indies. Japanese cities and factories were being endlessly bombarded by American bombers. Louis Morton, an author on the situation felt that since ". . . The Pacific Fleet had driven the Imperial Navy from the ocean and planes of the fast carrier forces were striking Japanese naval bases in the Inland Sea. . . Clearly Japan was a defeated nation."1 The decision to use the atomic bomb was validated by the U.S., who said that the force was necessary to end the war, which, in turn, would save lives of both American and Japanese soldiers. However, many believe that since Japan was already of the verge of surrender when the bombs were dropped, this argument cannot be morally validated. If Japan was almost beaten by August 1945, many say that the reason the U.S. dropped the bomb was simply to test it on living humans. Aside from the ground test in the New Mexico desert, no one knew what destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Throughout the war, the city of Hiroshima had been left virtually untouched by U.S. attacks. It is inferable, then, that the United States government hoped to see the full effect of nuclear power by detonating the atomic bomb on this locality, as they could be sure that any damage was from the atomic bomb alone. A similar reasoning ...

Mind and Strong Ai Essay

Mind and Strong Ai Essay Mind and Strong Ai Essay Thought is a Tool a Mind is a Being In John Searle’s article, Minds, Brains, and Computers, he argues against the notion of strong AI; which states that an appropriately programmed computer is equivalent to a human mind, and has similar cognitive states (Searle, 349). Based on Searle’s definition of Strong AI, I will argue that a computer is not equivalent to a human mind because it does not apply meaning to the information it processes. Many critics of Searle state that computers have the capacity to simulate the human ability to understand stories. CITATION RCS77 \l 1033 (Schank) One critic in particular named R.P. Schank, writes an argument in favor of this notion presented as two premises. â€Å"(1) [†¦] The machine can literally be said to understand the story and provide answers to the questions. (2) What the machine and its program do explains the human ability to understand the story and answer questions about it (Searle, 350).† In order to disprove this argument Searle demonstrates an analogy that simulates a computer program. The analogy involves a monolingual English speaker locked in a room with instructions on how to manipulate Chinese symbols. The English speaker is ultimately able to answer questions that a native Chinese speaker would be able to answer. However, the English speaker does not apply the same meaning to the Chinese symbols the way that a native speaker would when answering t he questions. This analogy is meant to display the difference between a computer and a human mind in reference to intentionality; which entails the ability to apply meaning. Machines do not truly grasp the meaning of their actions when instantiating programs. In contrast, a human mind applies meaning to every action that it performs. Those in favor of strong AI claim that there is no difference between the instantiation of a program and the application of meaning when answering questions, either from a human or a machine. â€Å"One of the claims made by the supporters of strong AI is that when I understand a story in English, what I am doing is exactly the same –or perhaps more of the same- as what I was doing in manipulating the Chinese symbols (Searle, 351).† In the quote Searle is demonstrating the views of his critiques. However, it is incorrect to assume that instantiation and the application of meaning are one in the same when answering questions. Searle argues against this idea in favor of strong AI. â€Å" (1) [†¦] It seems quite obvious to me in the example that I do not understand a word of Chinese stories†¦ the computer has nothing more than I have in the case where I understand nothing. (2) [†¦] We can see that the computer and its program do not provide sufficient condit ions of understanding since the computer and program are functioning, and there is no understanding (Searle, 351).† Searle demonstrates in this counterargument that it is erroneous to assume that the English speaker in his analogy ties meaning to the answers he/she outputs. He then delves into the conditions of sufficiency; the computer (English speaker) has a working system to output answers, but lacks the sufficient requirements for the application of intentionality (meaning). Computer systems have the ability to process information (think) just like Biological systems (human mind), just not the ability to have intentionality to their programs (thoughts). Searle’s argument against Strong AI might hold. However, his premise concerning human intentionality verses machine intentionality provides a debate for the meaning and source of Searle’s definition of intentionality. Searle is vague on his definition of intentionality. Searle alludes to the idea that the de finition of intentionality is to add meaning. However, I could argue that he’s too vague with this concept and state that computers do have intentionality (meaning) for their programs and can add meaning to their outputs. What distinctly separates the human ability to add meaning and the

Possible Pre-conditions for the Check Availability of Seats Essay

Possible Pre-conditions for the Check Availability of Seats - Essay Example In case of unavailability of user requested seat system will show an error message to enter the number of needed seats.To check â€Å"Availability of Seats† user needs to open the system section that is related to the booking of seats. In that section, a user needs to take care of all parameters regarding the data validity.   This section will outline some of the possible post-conditions of the Check Availability of Seats use case. In case of unavailability of a number of seats, the system will send a message to save the request. In this case, customer request will be processed later when seats are available regarding any excursion.In case of any wrong entry in the system data fields, the system will send an error message and indication of wrong values need to be resolved.In case of bus unavailability system will send the request to pending (waiting) list that will be preceded later on system user confirmation.To check â€Å"Availability of Seats† user needs to fill a ll the fields using a proper way. In case of any wrong entry system will show an error message.

Motivation Methods Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivation Methods Paper - Essay Example This can be done through a needs analysis or even qualitative research such as interviews or questionnaires to determine the real-life attitudes of employees. Motivating employees requires a blend of transformational leadership development, experiential learning, negotiation strategies, and making appeals to psychological needs. Many organizations that operate in dynamic and ever-changing environments must be flexible and adaptable in order to maintain its competitive edge and advantages over other businesses operating in the same industry. For some businesses, marketing and promotion are critical dimensions that differentiate the brand or the product from other companies selling similar products in multiple domestic and international markets. In order to be adaptable, change management becomes critical. According to Grieves (2010, p.8), â€Å"change is a negotiated order†, where internal stakeholders of all varieties attempt to exert persuasive influence on others in order to achieve goals and objectives established by the organization. In order to motivate employees in an environment where there is considerable resistance to change, the manager must consider bargaining tactics in order to negotiate these changes. Employees who often resist change can reduce productivity and complicate the development of special projects that are critical to achieving corporate goals and gaining competitive edge. In many scenarios, such resistance is caused by negative sentiment or attitude about the change and its potential impact on job role and responsibilities. Employees are more willing to accept change activities and principles when they feel they have been given an opportunity to express their concerns about the activities and the potential risks employees feel the change imposes. If employees do not feel they have been given adequate decision-making authority and are being heard by management, they will not feel appreciated within the organizational context. Thu s, the manager should attempt to create a sense of social belonging and also build self-esteem in employees associated with the change. According to Morris & Maisto (2005), these are fundamental human behavioral needs that are critical to achieving a self-actualized, motivated attitude about job role achievement. The most effective methods of establishing motivation in a changing environment are to bargain the change imperatives and ensure that consensus becomes part of the management model. Another method of improving motivation in the organization is the development of the transformational leadership style. According to Fairholm (2009), transformational leadership is a human resources-based management system whereby the manager works as a teacher, mentor and coach to others in order to build their competencies and individual skill-sets. A transformational leader also imparts vision and mission on others in the business, role modeling ethical behaviors to build trust between subord inate and manager. In organizational environments where there are traditional management models that have rigid control systems and reward systems that are contingent on performance in job role, employees are not given opportunities to express their creativity or achieve autonomy in job role. Transactional leadership, as one example, is a management philosophy where goals are

Botswana and a Dutch Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Botswana and a Dutch Disease - Essay Example Cherunilam (2008, p. 166) defined Dutch disease as â€Å"the deindustrialization of a sector caused by the boom in another traded good sector†. Basically, a Dutch disease is present when there is an excessive utilization of its available natural resources. As a result, excessive use of natural resources can trigger a significant decrease in the overall production of goods among the local manufacturing companies. The rationale behind this particular economic situation is that the selling of these natural resources could make the country’s monetary currency stronger. Therefore, the exportation of finish products coming from the tradable sectors becomes less attractive in the world market (Pegg 2010). The overvaluation of a currency can cause long-term harm over the economic performance of each country. The presence of trade shocks can lead to serious market failures. Aside from causing market failures in less developed countries, Rodrick and Rosenzweig (2010) explained th at a strong monetary currency can make the local manufacturers become less competitive in the world market. For this reason, a significant decrease in the demand for goods and services would mean a higher unemployment rate in the long-run. The real GDP growth rate in Botswana as of 2010 was 7.5% (U.S. Department of State 2011). However, this particular economic indicator alone is not sufficient to determine whether or not Botswana is suffering from the negative economic consequences of a Dutch disease. With regards to this matter, this report aims to carefully examine the economic variables which may suggest whether or not Botswana is currently experiencing a Dutch disease. In order to perform a full analysis of Botswana economy, this report will focus on observing historical changes in the value of Botswana’s currency (Botswana Pula or BWP), changes in the exportation growth, potential sources of capital inflows (i.e. exportation of natural resources, foreign direct investme nt, remittances from overseas workers or incoming of foreign aids), and high levels of unemployment rate. Economic Variables Suggesting whether or not Botswana is Experiencing a Dutch Disease A Dutch disease is often associated with the presence of abundant oil supply. In the case of Botswana, its natural resources are not dependent on oil but more on the presence of abundant supply of diamonds, copper, and nickel (U.S. Department of State 2011). Even though Botswana is highly dependent on mining, this particular industry only employs 8,000 workers (Pegg 2010). Within this context, we cannot clearly say that the mining industry in Botswana is booming since this particular industry does not literally extract resources from away from the manufacturing or agricultural sectors. The trend and value of Botswana’s currency is one of the main economic variables that one should carefully examine to determine whether or not Botswana is currently experiencing a Dutch disease. Even thoug h the currency of Botswana Pulas is not pegged to a specific foreign exchange value, Botswana managed to maintain the exchange rate at the average of 7.3507 Botswana Pulas to 1 US dollar between the periods of September 2011 to March 2012 (Exchange-Rates.org 2012). In case Dutch disease is present, economists believe that a strong exportation of na

Cuban Revolution Essay Example for Free

Cuban Revolution Essay The effects of the Cuban Revolution on women’s lives and gender relations in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 include that some say women have not reached equality yet with men, women gained more opportunities for themselves, economy and politics, and also how women still had responsibility for children and home, not men. One effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was the thought that women still have not reached equality with men. Ofelia Dominguez Navarra (#1), a female Cuban socialist feminist, believes an effect of the Cuban Revolution will change the social status of women to be less patriarchal. As a Cuban feminist, she probably believed this because the revolutionaries could change the Cuban Civil Code. Fidel Castro (#5), the Cuban president, believes an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women’s gender relations is that they will still be discriminated against, but will take some more time before women have full equality. Castro probably has this point of view because his audience was women and he wanted to be realistic so they understand the effort it is going to take to stop the oppression of women. Alina Fernandez (#6), a new mother and the daughter of president Castro, believes that despite the Cuban Revolution, there was no effect change in women’s rights in the home. Being expelled by her own father, she probably believes this because she lost her future job and now must struggle on her own to support her baby. An additional document that would help see their point of views how women did not gain much would be a letter from a single mother or supporter that did not get help with her problems. This would be helpful because it would show that even after the revolution, there was not a great effect for some women in a good way, and possibly even made it a harder life to care for her kids and herself. Another effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was that women gained more opportunities for themselves, economy, and politics. Yolanda Ferrer (#2), a female politician of Cuba, expresses her belief that an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was that a school for peasant women was created to teach basic job skills. As a woman, she probably believed this was good because it educated women and got them out of the house into jobs, which they had previously been excluded from. Genoveva Diaz, daughter of a Cuban revolutionary (#4), states her belief in an interview in 1970 that an effect on women from the Cuban Revolution gave women more opportunities to work in society and become equal to men. She probably had this point of view because before the revolution, women did not have freedom, money, or facilities to study; which are accessible now for women to use and work in society. A Cuban mother interviewed by a United States journalist in 1980(#7), believes that an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was the Family Code introduction, which guarantees equal rights to women in their homes. She probably believes this because day care centers help them and her daughters are able to collect an education. The United Nations, along with other international organizations (#8), collected data from Latin American communities to show that an effect of the Cuban Revolution was that women went from being significantly less educated than men to ability to be equally literate and involve a contribution to the economy. They had this point of view because of the social changes happening between 1953 and 1982 that caused the illiteracy rate of women to drop, as well as men, and increased the participation of women in the economy. The Communist Party (#9), showed an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women over time had an increased say in government and women’s rights. As politicians in Cuba, the Communists party published this because it made them look like a better political party due to the increased number of women participating in political matters, which they approve. An additional document that would be helpful seeing the positive effects of the revolution would be a speech from a political leader about how the growth of women has been surprising and helpful to the country. This would help because it would recognize how women’s contributions are needed to strengthen the country and prosper. Also, an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women was how women were still responsible for taking care of the children and home, not the men. A male Cuban revolutionary sympathizer (#3), expresses his thoughts about women’s rights to an anthropologist in 1969, believing that an effect on women’s lives from the Cuban Revolution was that it gave women more freedom by gaining jobs, which he thought was wrong. As a male Cuban, he has this belief because it takes power away from men and time away from household tasks that aren’t preformed throughout the day by the woman. Vilma Espin, a female scientist, president of the Federation of Cuban women, and a member of the Cuban Communist Party’s Central Committee (#10), believes an effect of the Cuban Revolution on women is that they created a more stressful life to handle. She probably believes this because women gained jobs, but are still held responsible for raising children and household chores, rather than men contribute. An additional document that would be helpful on understanding this effect would be a journal entry or letter from a wife with children who had a job, creating a â€Å"double work shift. This would be helpful because we would get a look at first hand experience how hard and tiring it was to be responsible for so many things at high expectations from men. Thus, the effects of the Cuban Revolution on women’s lives and gender relations in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 include that some say women have not reached equality yet with men, women gained more opportunities for themselves, economy and politics, and also how women still had responsibility for children and home, rather than men.

Developing a Blue Ocean Strategy

Developing a Blue Ocean Strategy Introduction Currently many companies have to face the challenge of competing with steadily increased competition in their industries. This high amount of competition often leads to a high cost and price pressure which usually results in low margins for the companies. These markets are called the red oceans. One possibility to break out of these red oceans and to increase the margins for the company can be handled by creating a Blue Ocean. Such a Blue Ocean is a market space where the competition is irrelevant. Aim The aim of this paper is to explain how to create such a Blue Ocean and to discuss the degree of novelty of the Blue Ocean strategy. On the one hand this will be done by explaining the belonging theory. On the other hand two cases of innovative companies will be described and analyzed on basis of the Blue Ocean strategy. Blue Ocean Strategy Concept The market set is divided into two categories which are called oceans: Blue Oceans and red oceans. Red oceans are the known market space as it exists today, with all the various industries. Competitive rules are defined and barriers are clear and accepted. Competition exists among players to gain a bigger share; the more players are on the market, the fewer prospects for profit and growth is existent. Cutthroat competition turns the red ocean bloody.  [3]   Blue Oceans on the other hand represent the opposite they are the unknown market space with industries that are not existent today. Demand is not created by competitive rivalry, because the rules of the game are yet to be set. There is substantial opportunity for profitable growth because of the deep potential of market space that is not yet explored.  [4]   To be successful in economic performance most companies are laying the focus on competitive strategies, plenty of enthusiasm is spend on analyzing and outperforming rivals. Using the vocabulary of the authors their focus is on red ocean strategies. In the future this will not be enough to survive; in addition to swim in a red ocean companies need to create Blue Oceans.  [5]  The following image illustrates the major differences between red and Blue Oceans. Image 1: Comparison of Red Ocean with Blue Ocean strategy  [6]   Value Innovation The basis of the Blue Ocean Strategy is called Value Innovation. Competition is made irrelevant by creating value for both buyers and the company. Buyer value is created by the benefit and price that the company offers to the consumer; value to the company is created from the price and its cost structure therefore only if those two variables are aligned the strategy works. The innovation of a product/ service must create value for the market and eliminate features that are not valued by the current market. New and uncontested market space is made accessible by simultaneously differentiate and reducing costs. This strategy is contrary to common management strategies which propose that companies can either create value to customers at higher costs or create reasonable value at lower costs.  [7]  According to the authors Value Innovation is a strategy that embraces the entire system of a companys activities.  [8]  Image 2 illustrates Value Innovation. Image 2: Value Innovation  [9]   Analytical tools and framework There are three basic tools that will help companies to build a Blue Ocean Strategy. The strategy canvas The strategy canvas is a tool that helps to build a Blue Ocean Strategy. It highlights the current situation in the known market space and shows the offering level that buyers receive across several key competing factors. By illustrating these factors in a simple matrix a graphic description in form of a value curve is visible. This value curve shows a companys relative performance within its industrys factors of competition.  [10]  By illustrating the current situation of an industry the strategic focus can be shifted away from current competition to alternatives and noncustomers, a redefinition of the industry can be constructed.  [11]  Image 3 illustrates a strategy canvas with an example of an Airline. Image 3: Strategy Canvas  [12]   The four actions framework This tool uses four key questions to lead to a new value curve: Which of the factors that the industry takes for granted should be eliminated? Which factors should be reduced well below the industrys standard? Which factors should be raised well above the industrys standard? Which factors should be created that the industry has never offered?  [13]   The first two questions give an insight in how to reduce the cost structure in comparison to other players in the industry. Question 3 and 4 give insight into how to lift buyer value and create new demand.  [14]   The eliminate-reduce-raise-create-grid This tool is supplementary to the four actions framework. It gives companies the possibility to act on all four questions answered before to create new value. The four factors of what to eliminate, reduce, raise and create are put in a matrix and by that scrutinize every factor the industry competes on.  [15]   Formulating Blue Oceans strategies Reconstruct market boundaries In order to break away from the competition the first principle is to reconstruct market boundaries. The challenge is to find possibilities of Blue Ocean opportunities. During performing research across various industry sectors the authors found a basic approach to remaking market boundaries, the six path framework.  [16]  This framework is applicable in all kinds of industries and all are based on looking at data from a new perspective. These are the six paths: Path 1: Look across alternative industries Path 2: Look across strategic groups within industries Path 3: Look across the chain of buyers Path 4: Look across complimentary product and service offerings Path 5: Look across functional or emotional appeal to buyers Path 6: Look across time  [17]   By analyzing each of the single paths companies will be able to get an insight into how to open up Blue Oceans by rebuilding market realities and leave behind conventional boundaries of competition.  [18]   Focus on the big pictures, not the numbers The approach to the strategic planning process is based on drawing a strategy canvas, as it is explained in the section of analytical tools and framework of this document. A structured process for developing a strategy canvas has been developed, which is called the Visualizing Strategy.  [19]  As the name implies, this process uses visual stimulation with the purpose to unlock peoples creativity. The main focus here is laid on the big picture rather than on defined numbers and operational details.  [20]   Reach beyond existing demand To achieve a maximization of the size of the Blue Ocean you are creating the focus should be laid on two things: The analysis of non-customers and finding out strong similarities of what buyers value.  [21]  This is a reversed approach to common strategies, where the focus is on customers and customer differences. The three tiers of non customers The challenge is to find out who the non-customers are and get a deep understanding of them. The authors describe three tiers of non-customers that eventually can be transformed into customers. The first tier of non-customers is closest to your market and would stay and increase their frequency of purchases if a leap in value would be offered to them. These non-customers also referred to as soon-to-be.  [22]  The second tier of non-customers is further away from your market and aware of offerings in it but has consciously voted against them. These non-customers are also referred to as refusing.  [23]  The third tier of non-customers is farthest from your market and has never considered its offerings as an option. These non customers are also referred to as unexplored.  [24]   By analyzing each of the three tiers an understanding of the non-customers can be developed to attract them into your market and expand your Blue Ocean.  [25]   Get the strategic sequence right The fourth principle of Blue Ocean Strategy focuses on the challenge to build a sustainable business model that will make profit on your Blue Ocean idea. The idea here is to use sequences and key criteria within a sequence to reduce business model risk.  [26]  Each sequence has a key question that has to be asked. If answered with no the sequence has to be reshaped. If answered with yes one can move on to the next sequence. The four sequences are: Buyer utility: Is there exceptional buyer utility in your business idea? Price: Is your price easy accessible to the mass of buyers? Cost: Can you attain your cost target to profit at your strategic price? Adoption: What are the adoption hurdles in actualizing your business idea? Are you addressing them up front?  [27]   With this sequencing as a starting point further analyzing of strategic pricing, target costing and finally the profit model is developed.  [28]   Executing Blue Ocean Strategy Overcome key organizational hurdles The challenge to execute the strategy of Blue Oceans is significant, since there are changes made from the conventional way of doing things. The authors present four common hurdles in the execution: The cognitive-, political-, motivational- and resource hurdle. Dealing with those challenges in form of hurdles with tipping point leadership is the key to make Blue Ocean Strategy happen in action.  [29]   Build execution into strategy The sixth principle of the Blue Ocean Strategy is about building commitment and trust into the strategy from the start. The focus is laid on a fair process as a key variable that distinguishes successful Blue Ocean Strategy moves from those that failed.  [30]   Case analysis In this section, we intend to describe and analize two cases of innovative companies (Virgin Galactic and Petrobras) based on the Blue Ocean theory. Virgin Galactic Description of Virgin Galactic Virgin Galactic is a company which belongs to the Virgin Group. This group was founded 1970 by Sir Richard Branson and is one of the leading brand venture capital organizations of the world. The group has created more than 300 branded companies in a variety of different industries, employs around 50,000 people and generated revenue of approx. US$ 18 billion in the year 2009.  [31]  Based on them the success of this group derives from the power of the Virgin name, Richard Bransons personal reputation; our unrivalled network of friends, contacts and partners; the Virgin management style; the way talent is empowered to flourish within the group.  [32]   The Virgin Galactic company has the aim of making private space travel available to everyone by creating the worlds first commercial spaceline.  [33]  Virgin Galactic will create, own and operate spaceships, the SpaceShipTwo. To achieve this goal the Virgin Group uses it experiences in aviation, adventure and luxury travel combining with the technology developed by Burt Rutan. The company was founded in the year 2004 and is located in New Mexico. The SpaceShipOne became the first private spaceship with high altitude-flights in the year 2004. The successor of this technology, the SpaceShipTwo, has seats for two pilots and six passengers. Every passenger has to pay US$200.000 with a deposit ofUS$20,000. At the moment 340 passengers have registered for this service.  [34]  So far 450 people have ever been to space, the goal of Virgin Galactic is to take 1,000 people to space within the first year of commercial operation.  [35]  The first commercial flight shall start in the year 2012.  [36]   The mothership of the SpaceShipTwo, the WhiteKnightTwo, will take the SpaceShipTwo to a height of about 16km and then release it. At that point the rockets of the SpaceShipTwo will boost and bring it to a height of about 100km.  [37]  There it will fly for about five minutes in which the passengers have a magnificent view at the earth and can enjoy weightlessness. Afterwards the space ship will decrease the altitude and land at its base in New Texas. The first flying tests of the WhiteKnightTwo were executed successfully and the SpaceShipTwo completed the first manned glide flight in October 2010.  [38]   At current stage the company Blue Origin which is based close to Seattle is also working on a private space ship.  [39]   Analysis of Virgin Galactic The analysis will start by discussing the Value Innovation of Virgin Galactic. So far tourism in space was available for seven specific persons who paid in average US$ 25 million for staying about 14 days at the ISS.  [40]  The clear buyer benefit of Virgin Galactic is to make this tourism available for nearly everybody who can afford paying the US$200,000 which is less than 1% of the price so far. Moreover, these space trips also add value to Virgin Galactic as it will earn US$200,000 for every passenger having already 340 on the waiting list. Virgin Galactic clearly succeeded in creating a Value Innovation. In the following the strategy canvas for Virgin Galactic will be developed to see the value curve in comparison to its competitor the stay at the ISS.  [41]   As principal factors the following was defined: price, safety, request for personal attributes and easy preparation for the trip.  [42]  As seen in image one the Virgin Galactic company enables a much more comfortable and convenient stay as the previous tourism on the ISS. This is also based on the lower requirements a person has to fulfill to be able to execute this tourism and the lower time-investment. Image 4: Strategy Canvas of Virgin Galactic  [43]   Considering the four action framework Virgin Galactic reduced the costs by eliminated the factors that a stay in space has to be combined with a long duration and cost-intensive stay at the ISS and with cost-intensive rocket starts. Furthermore, they created the factor that nearly everybody would be able (from physical requirements  [44]  ) to go to space with a low time-investment and a comparably low amount of money. They increased the convenience of space-tourisms to a very high extent. In conclusion, they managed to dramatically reduce the costs while increasing the perceived value of the passengers which are interested in some minutes of weightlessness and seeing the earth from the space. Virgin Galactic also concentrated on the so called non-customers as the total number of customers was seven so far. They identified the implicit wish of most people to go to space once. Organizational hurdles The cognitive hurdle cannot be applied as Virgin Galactic did not start in a red ocean but directly entered the Blue Ocean with the start of the company. The hurdle resources will probably be not a big burden as the first flying tests went successful, customers on the waiting list already paid close to US$7 million as deposit and Sheikh Mansour invested US$280 million in this business.  [45]  Furthermore, the Virgin Group and the state of New Mexico are supporting this business. The motivation of the employees and managers is high which is also pushed by Richard Branson personal interest in the success of this company.  [46]  The political hurdle could be implemented by making new laws for required safety standards. But already in 2004 the US congress passed a law which allows passengers to fly into space with the understanding that these vehicles might not be as safe as regular airplanes. Furthermore, the governor of New Mexico supports this company  [47]  and the Virgin group has a high political power. In conclusion all the hurdles were passed successfully by Virgin Gallactic. Build execution into strategy From the beginning Richard Branson declared the vision of this company to make private space travel year 2004. Conclusion In final conclusion, Virgin Galactic entered a Blue Ocean from the beginning. It decreased the costs and made space travel available to everyone by creating the worlds first commercial spaceline. Virgin Galactic works towards this clear vision with having the first commercial flights very likely eight years after its foundation in the previous tourism in space and increased the value of it by leveraging especially the convenience for the customers. Moreover, it went beyond known customer space by offering this service for less than 1% of the costs so far. It managed the organizational hurdles and created a strong vision from the start. Although other companies as e.g. Blue Origin try to create space tourisms this ocean is deep blue so far for Virgin Galactic. Petrobras Description of Petrobras Petrobras was established on October 3, 1953 by the president of Brazil, Getà ºlio Vargas, to undertake oil sector activities in the country. In the early 1970s, the members of the Organization of the Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose the international prices substantially, triggering the so-called Oil Shock. As a result, the market was troubled and marked by uncertainty. In order to overcome the difficulties, the Brazilian government adopted economic measures in order to overcome the supply of oil. Some examples of these measures were the encouragement for use of ethanol as automotive fuel and prioritizing offshore exploration and production. With the measures, the government intended to reduce the dependency on importing a very expensive product and to create an industry to create jobs and exports. These tasks where given to Petrà ³leo Brasileiro (Petrobras) for being executed.  [48]   Producing ethanol for powering the nation 1975 marks the beginning of the production of Ethanol by Petrobras in Brazil aiming to drive the large-scale substitution of oil based vehicular fuels for biofuels. Substituting gasoline for ethanol (produced from sugarcane and manioc) led to 10 million fewer gasoline fuel cars running in Brazil, reducing the countrys dependence on imported oil.  [49]   Today Brazil is recognized as the world leader in the production of ethanol for industrial purposes, based on the most advanced agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world and to the amount of arable land available in the country. In 2010, the Brazilian ethanol produced by Petrobras was designated as one of the most advanced biofuels due to the 61% reduction of green house gas emissions.  [50]   Pioneering in deep waters In 1984 the company discovered one of the biggest reserve in deep water ever registered in the world. The Albacora field was discovered; proving the existence of giant fields nestled at great depth in Brazil. This marked the beginning in deepwater exploration for the company. By 1986 the company, which until then purchased technology, was faced with the challenge of producing oil at a depth of 400 meters. After surveying the market and finding out there was no technology available for this depth, the company decided to invest in developing new technologies. This was an extremely ambitious project, since, at the time, Petrobras had been exploring at depths of 150 meters and had plans for 1000 meters by 1990. This project turned out to be a great success and the company is currently the global leader in this area. By 2005, Petrobras sets the record of drilling depth with a sloped that reached 6915 meters beyond the bottom of the sea.  [51]   Petrobras achieves self sufficiency In 2006 Brazil became a self-sufficient country in oil and gas production. With an average of 1.9 million barrels per day, Brazil went on to exporting more oil and oil products than it imported. It was like a dream came true, only possible because of the technological efforts and dedication of the employees. Since this point, Petrobras is the most profitable company in the Brazilian economy, being recognized as the eighth biggest oil exploring company in the world.  [52]   In the upcoming years, Petrobras intends to invest in using and developing new renewable energy sources. The portfolio of new projects includes wind, solar and water energy sources and fuel hydrogen. The intention is to reduce even more the dependency on oil, delivering the necessary energy sources to Brazil in order to sustain the intended growth of the upcoming years. Analysis of Petrobas Petrobras success can be summed up in one word and that word is innovation. This company faced the challenge of turning one of the biggest countries in the Americas from a big consumer of imported oil to self sufficient in oil and gas production. This strategy was based on focusing on the big picture (producing its own oil and become an exporter of petroleum) rather than finding a temporary solution for importing oil in the 70s, when the biggest crisis of oil prices occurred. Value Innovation They broke away from the competition by reconstructing market boundaries. For each challenge they faced, they were able to create and develop the necessary technology that didnt exist in the market, becoming a leader in deepwater oil drilling. They reached beyond their existing demand by having more oil available than they need for their own consumption. They also created value to the country by reducing the amount of CO2 in 61% emitted by cars and public transportation thanks to the introduction to ethanol and biodiesel. Brazil became a more efficient country thanks to the use of their natural resources for powering the nation. By mixing ethanol with oil, Petrobras has managed to increase the value for customers by creating a reduction of oil prices  [53]  and by guaranteeing the oil supply they reduced the dependency on foreign companies. Strategy canvas We have decided to explain the differences between the two largest producers of Ethanol in the world, Brazil and U.S.A. As we have mentioned before, Petrobras is the only company responsible for the production and distribution of ethanol in Brazil. Image 5: Stragegy Canvas Petrobas  [54]   As we can see in the figure xx, Brazil is the second largest producer of Ethanol in the world (6,500 million gallons in 2009  [55]  ) behind the United States (10,900 million gallons in 2009  [56]  ). But, the total area used by Brazil for cultivating their sugar cane (3.6 million hectares  [57]  by 2006) is far less than the land used by the United States (10 million hectares  [58]  in 2006). This means that the productivity per hectare is superior in Brazil than in the United States. Another important thing to mention is that thanks to the mixture of Ethanol and oil in Brazil, green house gas reduction has been reduced considerably (89%  [59]  ), increasing the value the company gives to their customers. Organizational hurdles The hurdles are based on the theory mentioned in the first section of this project. During the oil crisis of the 70s, the company faced the challenge of completely changing the paradigm of production. In the cognitive hurdle, we can say that the employees understood completely the need of the company and were able to transform the company. In the second hurdle resources, we can say that the company successfully understood that they needed to invest a great amount of resources in RD in order to increase the efficiency of the production of ethanol and also to raise the drilling depth for oil extraction. Motivating employees on a thirty-year-old project has been an enormous challenge for the company. They have managed to succeed by achieving small goals each year, increasing the level of satisfaction and trust towards the leadership of the company. Finally, the political hurdle was managed correctly due to the implications of the transformation project, involving the government, the management and employees of the company. Build execution into strategy As we mentioned before, the strategy was clear from the beginning: Reduce the dependency of oil and turn the country into a self-sufficient country. The facts speak for themselves, the whole company aligned in order to achieve the goal and it is an example on how to implement the Blue Ocean strategy. Conclusion So, why can the strategy of Petrobras be considered a Blue Ocean strategy? First of all they focused on creating value for the country by reducing the amount of oil imported and gaining self-sufficiency. As a consequence, they were able to reduce considerably the prices of gasoline in Brazil and the dependency of external factors to develop the country. They achieved this goal by innovating in ways to reduce consumption of oil (alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel) and exploit the potential the country had in its coasts, regardless the technology available at the times. In the last twenty years, Petrobras has become a key player in the success of Brazil to achieve development. The upcoming years for this company look really bright, thanks to the investment they are doing on other alternative means to produce electricity (water, solar and wind), improve the efficiency of alternative fuels and by creating the necessary technology for increa